Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to The Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as the poorest republic in the old
Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in
private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the republic
traditionally has been a net importer of food. Industry has been
greatly overstaffed, one reflection of the socialist economic
structure of Yugoslavia. TITO had pushed the development of military
industries in the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large
share of Yugoslavia's defense plants. The bitter interethnic warfare
in Bosnia caused production to plummet by 80% from 1990 to 1995,
unemployment to soar, and human misery to multiply. With an uneasy
peace in place, output recovered in 1996-98 at high percentage rates
on a low base; but output growth slowed appreciably in 1999, and GDP
remains far below the 1990 level. Economic data are of limited use
because, although both entities issue figures, national-level
statistics are not available. Moreover, official data do not capture
the large share of activity that occurs on the black market. In 1999,
the convertible mark - the national currency introduced in 1998 -
gained wider acceptance, and the Central Bank of Bosnia and
Herzegovina dramatically increased its reserve holdings.
Implementation of privatization, however, faltered in both areas.
Banking reform is also lagging. The country receives substantial
amounts of reconstruction assistance and humanitarian aid from the
international community but will have to prepare for an era of
declining assistance.

purchasing power parity - $6.2 billion (1999 est.)

5% (1999 est.)

purchasing power parity - $1,770 (1999 est.)

agriculture: 19%
industry: 23%
services: 58% (1996 est.)

NA%

lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

5% (1997 est.)

1.026 million

agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services
NA%

35%-40% (1999 est.)

revenues: $NA
expenditures: $1.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(2000 est.)

steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite,
vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, tank
and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances, oil refining (much of
capacity damaged or shut down) (1995)

5%-10% (1999 est.)

2.22 billion kWh (1998)

fossil fuel: 32.43%
hydro: 67.57%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1998)

2.065 billion kWh (1998)

0 kWh (1998)

0 kWh (1998)

wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock

$450 million (1997 est.)

NA

NA

$2.95 billion (1997 est.)

NA

NA

$4.1 billion (1997 est.)

$1.2 billion (1997 pledged)

1 convertible marka (KM) = 100 convertible pfenniga

convertible marks per US$1 - 1.9 (1999)

calendar year